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The Science and Fiction of 
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LAURA SCHREIBMAN 

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(1) 

1. Prime Time Live, ABC News, January 23, 1992. 

2. 60 Minutes, CBS News, February 20, 1994. 

3. D. Biklen, Communication Unbound: How Faalitated Communica- 
tion Is Challenging Traditional Views ofAutism and AbditylDisability 
(New York: Teachers College Press, 1993). 

4. S. Epstein, Impure Science: AIDS Activism and the Politics of Knowl- 
edge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). 

(2) 

1. Leo Kanner, "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact," Nervous 
Child, 2 (1943): 217-250. Reprinted in Leo Kanner, Cbildhood Psy- 
chosis: Initial Studies and New Insights (Washington, D. C: V. H. 
Winston and Sons, 1973). 

2. E. Bleuler, Das Autistische — Undisziplinierte Denken in der Medizin 
und seine Uberwindung (Berlin: Spring, 1919). 

3. Leo Kanner, "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact," reprinted in 
Kanner, Cbildhood Psychosis, p. 2. Quotations from Leo Kanner are 
reprinted by permission of the Philosophical Library, New York. Page 
numbers for all subsequent quotations from Kanner are given in the 
text and refer to the 1973 reprint of his article in Cbildhood Psychosis. 

4. L. Schreibman, Autism (Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1988). 

,_yji>jJU jl (jA^ Ji^" (jjJ! 2 oKll (jjij ^ Sbl ir-itlfl 



307 



6. See, for example, E. G. Carr, L. Schreibman, and O. L Lovaas, 
trol of Echolalic Speech in Psychotic Children," Journal of Ab 
Child Psychology, 3 (1975): 331-351; L. Schreibman and E. C 
"Elimination of Echolalic Responding to Questions Throu 
Training of a Generalized Verbal Response," Journal of Appl 
havior Analysis, 11 (1978): 453^63; B. M. Prizant and J. F C 
"The Functions of Immediate Echolalia in Autisric Children," j 
of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46 (1981): 241-249. 

7. See, for example, O. L Lovaas, J. W. Varni, R. L. Koegel, and N. 
"Some Observations on the Nonextinguishability of Ch: 
Speech," Child Development, 48 (1977): 1121-1127. 

8. See, for example, O. I. Lovaas, A. Litrownik, and R. Mann, "Re 
Latencies to Auditory Stimuli in Autistic Children Engaged i 
Stimulatory Behavior," Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9 | 
39^9. 

9. B. Rimland, Infantile Autism (New York: Appleton-Century- 
1964). 

10. National Research Council, Educating Children With Autis 
Catherine Lord and James P. McGee, Committee on Educationa 
ventions for Children with Autism, Division of Behavioral and 
Sciences and Education (Washington, D.C.: National Academ) 
2001). 



(3) 

1. E. Bleuler, Dementia Praecox or the Group ofSchizophrenias, trans. J. 
Zinkin (New York: International Universities Press, 1950). 

2. L. Bender, "Childhood Schizophrenia: Clinical Study of One Hundred 
Schizophrenic Children," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 17 
(1947): 40-56. 

3. B. Rank, "Intensive Study and Treatment of Preschool Children Who 
Show Marked Personality Deviations, or 'Atypical Development,' and 



308 



Their Parents," in G. Caplan, ed., Emotional Problems of Early Child- 
hood (New York: Basic Books, 1955). 

4. M. Mahler, "On Child Psychosis and Schizophrenia, Autistic and 
Symbiotic Infantile Psychoses," Psycboanalytic Study of the Child, 7 
(1952): 286-305. 

5. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 
of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: APA, 1994). 

6. World Health Organization, Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide 
to Their Classification in Accordance with the Tenth Revtsion of the 
International Classification of Diseases (Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 
1993). 

7. F. R. Volkmar, A. Klin, W. Marans, and D. J. Cohen, "Childhood 
Disintegrative Disorder," in D. J. Cohen and F. R. Volkmar, eds., Hand- 
book of Autistn and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, 2nd ed. (New 
York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997), pp. 47-59. 

8. H. Asperger, "Die 'Autistischen Psychopathen' im Kindesalter," Archiv 
fiir Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 117 (1944): 76-136. 

9. A. Klin, F. R. Volkmar, and S. S. Sparrow, eds., Asperger Syndrome 
(New York: Guilford Press, 2000), p. 9. 

10. T. Attwood, "Making Friends and Managing Feelings: Asperger's Syn- 
drome and High Functioning Autism," presentation at the San Diego 
Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, Calif., October 15, 
2003. 

11. F. R. Volkmar, A. Klin, and D. J. Cohen, "Diagnosis and Classification 
of Autism and Related Conditions: Consensus and Issues," in Cohen 
and Volkmar, eds., Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental 
Disorders, 2nd ed., pp. 5-40. 

12. L. Wing and J. Gould, "Severe Impairments of Social Interaction and 
Associated Abnormalities in Children: Epidemiology and Classifica- 
tion," Journal of Autistn and Developmental Disorders, 9 (1979): 11-29. 

13. B. Rimland, Infantile Autism (New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 
1964). 

14. E. Schopler, R. J. Reichler, and B. R. Renner, The Childhood Autism 
Rating Scale (CARS) for Diagnostic Screening and Classification of 
Autism (New York: Irvington Press, 1986). 

15. S. Baron-Cohen, J. Allen, and C. Gillberg, "Can Autism Be Detected at 
18 Months? The Needle, the Haystack, and the CHAT," British Jour- 
nal of Psychiatry, 161 (1992): 839-843. 



309 



JLiJI) |*la)l i/mi 



16. C. Lord, M. Rutter, and A. Le Couteur, "Autisra Diagnostic Interview- 
Revised: A Revised Version of a Diagnostic Interview for Caregivers of 
Individuals with Possible Pervasive Developmental Disorders," Journal 
ofAutism and Developmental Disorders, 24 (1994): 659-685. 

17. C. Lord, S. Risi, L. Lambrecht, et al., "The Autism Diagnostic Obser- 
vation Schedule-Generic: A Standard Measure of Social and Commu- 
nication Deficits Associated with the Spectrum of Autism," Journal of 
Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30 (2002): 205-223. 

18. P. A. Filipek, R J. Accardo, G. T. Baranek, et al., "The Screening and 
Diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorders," Journal ofAutism and De- 
velopmental Disorders, 29 (1999): 439^84. 

19. Congressman John F. Tierney (www.house.gov/tierney/press/autism 
050704.shtml), 2004; www.autism-society.org (2003). 

20. L. A. Croen, J. K. Grether, J. Hoogstrate, and S. Selvin, "The Changing 
Prevalence of Autism in California," Journal of Autism and Develop- 
mental Disorders, 32 (2002): 207-215. 

21. E. Fombonne, "Epidemiological Surveys of Autism and Other Perva- 
sive Developmental Disorders: An Update," Journal ofAutism and De- 
velopmental Disorders, 33 (2003): 365-382. 

(4) 

3LS (Refrigerator Mothers)«4_^-MiJI ^L^Vu^^j—c. - 1 

443. j» j! jiju 4-JijijjJl a^teVl {yi A\,„\,„ (j-»-ii> (ji£ Skj .2001 ^ PBS 

. (Point of View) « 

2. See, for example, L. Kanner, "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Con- 
tact," Nervous Cbild, 2 (1943): 217-250. 

3. B. Bettelheim, The Empty Fortress (New York: The Free Press, 1967). 

4. M. Mahler, "On Child Psychosis and Schizophrenia, Autistic and 
Symbiotic Infantile Psychoses," Psychoanalytic Study o f the Child, 7 
(1952): 286-305; B. Rank, "Intensive Study and Treatment of Pre- 
school Children Who Show Marked Personality Deviations, or 'Atypi- 
cal Development,' and Their Parents," in G. Caplan, ed., Emo- 
tional Problems of Early Childhood (New York: Basic Books, 1955), 
pp. 491-501; H. Weiland and R. Rudnick, "Considerations of the De- 
velopment and Treatment of Autistic Childhood Psychosis," Psychoan- 
alytic Study ofthe Child, 16 (1961): 549-563. 

5. M. Rutter and A. Cox, "A Comparative Study of Infantile Autism 
and Specific Developmental Receptive Language Disorder: I. The 
Children," Brttish Journal of Psychiatry, 126 (1975): 127-145. 



310 



6. R. L. Koegel, L. Schreibman, R. E. O'Neill, and J. C. Burke, "The Per- 
sonality and Family-Interaction Characteristics of Parents of Autistic 
Children," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51 (1983): 
683-692. 

7. M. Rutter and T. G. O'Connor, "Are There Biological Programming 
Effects for Psychological Development? Findings from a Study of Ro- 
manian Adoptees," Developmental Psychology, 40 (2004): 81-94. 

8. C. B. Ferster, "Positive Reinforcement and Behavioral Deficits of Autis- 
tic Children," Child Development, 32 (1961): 437-456. 

9. C. B. Ferster and M. K. DeMyer, "The Development of Performance in 
Autistic Children in an Automatically Controlled Environment," Jour- 
nal ofChronic Diseases, 13 (1961): 312-345. 

10. M. Rutter, A. Bailey, E. Simonoff, and A. Pickles, "Genetic Influences 
and Autism," in D. J. Cohen and F. R. Volkmar, eds., Handbook of Au- 
tism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Second Edition (New 
York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997), pp. 370-387. 

11. M. Rutter, "Genetic Studies of Autism: From the 1970s into the Mil- 
lennium," Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28 (2000): 3-14. 

12. R. J. Schain and D. X. Freedman, "Studies on 5-Hydroxyindole Me- 
tabolism in Autistic and Other Mentally Retarded Children," Journal 
of Pediatrics, 5% (1961): 315-320. 

13. E. Geller, E. R. Ritvo, B. J. Freeman, and A. Yuwiler, "Preliminary Ob- 
servations on the Effect of Fenfluramine on Blood'Serotonin and Symp- 
toms in Three Autistic Boys," New England Journal of Medicine, 307 
(1982): 165. 

14. E. Courchesne, R. Yeung-Courchesne, and K. Pierce, "Biological and 
Behavioral Heterogeneity in Autism: Roles of Pleiotropy and 
Epigenesis," in Broman and Fletcher, eds., The Changing Nervous Sys- 
tem: Neurobehavioral Conseauences of Early Brain Disorders (New 
York: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 292-338. 

15. E. Courchesne, R. Carper, and N. Akshoomoff, "Evidence of Brain 
Overgrowth in the First Year of Life in Autism," Journal ofthe Ameri- 
can Medical Association, 290 (2003): 337-344. 

16. E. Courchesne, C. M. Karns, H. R. Davis, et al., "Unusual Brain 
Growth Patterns in Early Life in Patients with Autistic Disorder: An 
MRI Study," Neurology, 57 (2001): 245-254. 

17. See E. Courchesne and K. Pierce, "Brain Overgrowth in Autism during 
a Critical Time in Development: Implications for Frontal Pyramidal 
Neuron and Interneuron Development and Connectivity," Interna- 



311 



JLiJI) |*la)l i/mi 



tional Journal of Developmental Neuroscience (in press); M. R. Her- 
bert, D. A. Ziegler, C. K. Deutsch, et al., "Brain Asymmetries in Autism 
and Developmental Language Disorder: A Nested Whole-Brain Analy- 
sis," Brain, 128 (2005): 213-226; D. L. Vargas, C. Nascimbene, C. 
Krishnan, et al., "Neuroglial Activation and Neuroinflammation in the 
Brain of Patients with Autism," Annals ofNeurology, 57 (2005); 67- 
81. 

18. S. Baron-Cohen, The Essential Difference: The Truth About the Male 
and Ternak Brain (London: Alan Lane, 2003). 

19. J. T. Manning, S. Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright, and G. Sanders, "The 
2nd to 4th Digit Ratio and Autism," Developmental Medicine and 
Child Neurology, 43 (2001): 160-164; S. Lutchmaya, S. Baron-Cohen, 
and R Raggatt, "Foetal Testosterone and Vocabulary Size in 18- and 
24-Month-Old Infants," lnfant Behauior and Development, 24 
(2002): 418-424; S. Lutchmaya, S. Baron-Cohen, and P. Raggatt, 
"Foetal Testosterone and Eye Contact in 12-Month-Old Human In- 
fants," lnfant Behavior and Development, 25 (2002): 327-335. 

20. A. J. Wakefield, S. H. Murch, A. Anthony, et al., "Ileal-Lymphoid-Hy- 
perplasia, Non-Specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder 
in Children," The Lancet, 351 (1998): 637-641. 

21. Medical Research Council (UK), MRC Review of Autism Research: 
Epidemiology and Causes (London: MRC, 2001). 

22. B. Taylor, E. Miller, C. P. Farrington, et al., "Autism and Measles, 
Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine: No Epidemiological Evidence for a 
Causal Association," The Lancet, 353 (1999): 2026-2029. 

23. L. Dales, S. J. Hammer, and N. J. Smith, "Time Trends in Autism and 
in MMR Immunization Coverage in California," Journal ofthe Ameri- 
can Medical Association, 285 (2001): 1183-1185. 

24. See E. Fombonne and E. H. Cook, Jr., "MMR and Autistic 
Enterocolitis: Consistent Epidemiological Failure to Find an Associa- 
tion," Molecular Psychiatry, 8 (2003): 133-134. 

25. T. Verstraeten, R. L. Davis, F. DeStafano, et al., "Safety of Thimerosal- 
Containing Vaccines: A Two-Phased Study of Computerized Health 
Maintenance Organization Databases," Pediatrics, 112 (2003): 1039- 
1048. 

26. S. H. Murch, A. Anthony, D. H. Casson, et al., "Retraction of an Inter- 
pretation," The Lancet, 363 (2004): 750; Horton, R., "The Lessons of 
MMR," The Lancet, 363 (2004): 747; Horton, R. "A Statement by the 
Editors of The Lancet," The Lancet, 363 (2004): 820-821. 



312 



27. Report of the National Institute of Medicine, May 18, 2004. 

28. K. B. Nelson and M. L. Bauman, "Thimerosal and Autism?" Pediat- 
rics, 111 (2003); 674-679; P. Stehr-Green, P. Tuli, M. Stellfeld, et al., 
"Autism and Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines: Lack of Consistent Evi- 
dence for an Association," American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 
25 (2003): 101-106. 

(5) 

1. S. Rogers, "An Examination 'of the Imitation Deficit in Autism," in 
J. Nadel and G. Butterworth, eds., Imitation in Infancy (Cambridge: 
Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 254-279. 

2. H. Wimmer and J. Perner, "Beliefs about Beliefs: Representation and 
Constraining Function of Wrong Beliefs in Young Children's Under- 
standingof Deception," Cognition, 13 (1983): 103-128. 

3. F. R. Volkmar, A. Carter, J. Grossman, and A. Klin, "Social Develop- 
ment in Autism," in D. J. Cohen and F. R. Volkmar, eds., Handbook of 
Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Second Edition (New 
York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997), pp. 173-194. 

4. A. M. Leslie, "Pretense and Representation: The Origins of 'Theory of 
Mind,"' Psychologtcal Review, 94 (1987): 412-426. 

5. J. Osterling and G. Dawson, "Early Recognition of Children with Au- 
tism: A Study of First Birthday Home Videotape," Journal of Autism 
and Developmental Disorders, IA (1994): 247-431. See also J. A. 
Osterling, G. Dawson, and J. A. Munson, "Early Recognition of 
1-Year-Old Infants with Autism Spectrum Disorder versus Mental Re- 
tardation," Development and Psychopathology, 14 (2002): 239-251. 

6. G. Baranek, "Autism during Infancy: A Retrospective Video Analy- 
sis of Sensory-Motor and Social Behaviors at 9-12 Months of Age," 
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29 (1999): 213-224; 
L. Zwaigenbaum, S. E. Bryson, J. Brian, et al., "Early Behavioral 
Markers Predict Social-Communication Impairments in Young Siblings 
of Children with Autism," paper presented at the annual convention of 
the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, Florida, April 
2003. 

7. A. M. Leslie and D. Roth, "What Can Autism Teach Us about Meta- 
representation?" in S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, and D. Cohen, 
eds., Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Autism (Oxford: 
Oxford Medical Publications, 1993), pp. 83-111. 



313 



JLiJI) |*la)l i/mi 



8. See H. Tager-Flusberg, "A Reexamination of the Theory of Mind Hy- 
pothesis of Autism," in J. A. Burack, T. Charmon, T. N. Yirmiya, and 
P. R. Zelazo, eds., The Development of Autism: Perspectives front The- 
ory and Research (Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 2001), pp. 173-193. 

9. Ibid. 

10. U. Frith and F. Happe, "Autism: Beyond 'Theory of Mind,'" in J. 
Mehler and S. Franck, eds., Cognition on Cognition, Cognition Special 
Series (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), pp. 13-30. 

11. A. Shah and U. Frith, "An Islet of Ability in Autism: A Research Note," 
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24 (1983): 613-620; 

F. Happe, Autism: An Introduction to Psychological Theory (Cam- 
bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994). 

12. S. Ozonoff, "Learning and Cognition in Autism," in E. Schopler and 

G. B. Mesibov, eds., Current Issues in Autism (New York: Plenum 
Press, 1995), pp. 199-219; S. Ozonoff, B. F. Pennington, and S. J. Rog- 
ers, "Executive Function Deficits in High-Functioning Autistic Individ- 
uals: Relationship to Theory of Mind," Journal of Child Psychol- 
ogy and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 32 (1991); 1081-1105; S. 
Ozonoff, D. L. Strayer, W. M. McMahon, and F. Filloux, "Executive 
Function Abilities in Autism and Tourette Syndrome: An Information 
Processing Approach," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 
and Allied Disciplines, 35 (1994): 1015-1032. 

13. S. Weeks and R. P. Hobson, "The Salience of Facial Expression for 
Autistic Children," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and 
Allied Disciplines, 28 (1987): 137-151. 

14. R. P. Hobson, "The Autistic Child's Appraisal of Expressions of Emo- 
tion," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disci- 
plines, 27 (1986): 321-342. 

15. A. L. Bacon, D. Fein, R. Morris, et al., "The Responses of Autistic 
Children to the Distress of Others," Journal of Autism and Develop- 
mental Disorders, 2 (1998): 129-142. 

16. P. Hobson, "Understanding Persons: The Role of Affect," in S. Baron- 
Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, and D. J. Cohen, eds., Understanding Other 
Minds: Perspectives from Autism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 
1993), pp. 204-224. 

17. For a review of this literature see L. Schreibman, Autism (Newbury 
Park, Calif.: Sage, 1988). 

18. L. Schreibman and O. I. Lovaas, "Overselective Response to Social 



314 



Stimuli by Autistic Children," Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 
1 (1973); 152-168. 

19. N. Akshoomoff, E. Courchesne, and J. Townsend, "Attention Coordi- 
nation and Anticipatory Control," International Review of Neuro- 
biology, 41 (1997): 575-598. 

20. S. J. Hutt, C. Hutt, D. Lee, and C. Ounsted, "Arousal and Childhood 
Autism," Nature, 204 (1564): 908-909; A. M. DesLauriers and C. F. 
Carlson, Your Child h Asleep: Early Inf antik Autism (Homewood, 111.: 
Dorsey Press, 1969). 

21. See, for example, G. Dawson and A. Lewy, "Arousal, Attention, and 
the Socioemotional Impairments of Individuals with Autism," in 
G. Dawson, ed., Autism: Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment (New 
York: Guilford Press, 1989), pp. 49-74; M. Kinsbourne, "Cerebral- 
Brainstem Relations in Infantile Autism," in E. Schopler and G. B. 
Mesibov, eds., Neurobiological Issues in Autism: Current Issues in Au- 
tism (New York: Plenum Press, 1987), pp. 107-125; M. K. Belmonte 
and D. A. Yurgelun-Todd, "Functional Anatomy of Impaired Selective 
Attention and Compensatory Processing in Autism," Cogmtive Brain 
Research, 17 (2003): 651-664. 

22. See, for example, E. M. Ornitz and E. Ritvo, "Perceptual Inconstancy 
in Early Infantile Autism," Archives of General Psychiatry, 18 (1968): 
76-98; R. Raymaekers, J. van der Meere, and H. Roeyers, "Event-Rate 
Manipulation and Its Effect on Arousal Modulation and Response In- 
hibition in Adults with High Functioning Autism," Journal of Clinical 
and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26 (2004); 74-82. 

23. E. P. Abrahamsen and J. R. Mitchell, "Communication and 
Sensorimotor Functioning in Children with Autism," Journal of Au- 
tism and Developmental Disorders, 20 (1990): 75-85. 

24. G. Dawson and A. Adams, "Imitation and Social Responsiveness in 
Autistic Children," Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12 (1984): 
209-225. 

25. M. Sigman and J. Ungerer, "Cognitive and Language Skills in Autistic, 
Mentally Retarded, and Normal Children," Developmental Psychol- 
ogy, 20 (1994): 293-302. 

26. S. J. Rogers and B. F. Pennington, "A Theoretical Approach to the 
Deflcits in Infantile Autism," Development and Psychopathology, 3 
(1991): 137-162. 

27. See A. Meltzoff and A. Gopnik, "The Role of Imitation in Understand- 



315 



JLiJI) |*la)l i/mi 



ing Persons and Developing a Theory of Mind," in S. Baron-Cohen, H. 
Tager-Flusberg, and D. J. Cohen, eds., Understanding Other Minds 
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp, 335-366. 

28. M. E. Hertzig, M. E. Snow, and M. Sherman, "Affect and Cognition in 
Autism," Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent 
Psychiatry, 28 (1989): 195-199. 

29. S. J. Rogers, S. L. Hepbum, T. Stackhouse, and E. Wehner, "Imitation 
Performance in Toddlers with Autism and Those with Other Develop- 
mental Disorders," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44 
(2003): 763-781. 

30. See, for example, D. G. Garfin, D. McCallon, and R. Cox, "Validity 
and Reliability of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale with Autistic 
Adolescents," Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18 
(1988): 367-378. 

(6) 

1 . National Research Council, Educating Chitdren with Autism, Com- 
mittee on Educational Interventions for Children with Autism, 
Catherine Lord and James P. McGee, eds. Division of Behavioral and 
Social Sciences and Education (Washington, D.C.: National Academy 
Press, 2001). 

2. See L. Schreibman, Autism (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1988). 

3. P. R. Fuller, "Operant Conditioning of a Vegetative Human Organ- 
ism," in L. P. Ullman and L. Krasner, eds., Case Studies in Behav- 
ior Modification (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 
pp. 337-339. 

4. O. I. Lovaas and J. Q. Simmons, "Manipulation of Self-Destruction in 
Three Retarded Children," Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3 
(1969): 143-157. 

5. O. I. Lovaas, G. Freitag, V. J. Gold, and I. C. Kassorla, "Experimental 
Studies in Childhood Schizophrenia: Analysis of Self-Destructive Be- 
havior," Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2 (1965): 67-84. 

6. C. B. Ferster, "Positive Reinforcement and Behavioral Deficits of Autis- 
tic Children," Child Development, 32 (1961): 437-456. 

7. See Schreibman, Autism, pp. 95-130, for a comprehensive review. 

8. C. Maurice, G. Green, and S. C. Luce, eds., Behavioral Intervention for 
Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals 



316 



(Austin, Texas: Pro-Ed, 1996); O. I. Lovaas, Teaching Individuals with 
Developmental Delays: Basic Intervention Techniques (Austin, Texas: 
Pro-Ed, 2003). 

K^j a u IfluJI t-j]j 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 » i uLi <■ ijjjjlll ^ya £3-^ IjLji j^J! ^* iJI j-i ilij — 9 

JJirt-a ( _ J Hrtj fr^la j-A «^j a ulagJI <-ilj LmJI ^J-ii^ij» tfilalal ~* 4_lq uij tfjUfcj 

(j o i <ajj lLUJJj . £^L*JI t i_Jl i_ul Jl>.| q m i t j t4_i_U j j_>ij CiLaJAidj ^» JlIcj uij 

10. O. I. Lovaas, R. L. Koegel, J. Q. Simmons, and J. S. Long, "Some Gen- 
eralization and Follow-Up Measures on Autistic Children in Behavior 
Therapy," Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6 (1972): 131-166. 

W.Reinforcement Therapy (film) (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 
1966). 

12. P. E. Touchette, R. F. MacDonald, and S. N. Langer, "A Scatter Plot for 
Identifying Stimulus Control of Problem Behavior," Journal of Applied 
Behavior Analysis, 18 (1985): 343-351. 

13. E. G. Carr and V. M. Durand, "Reducing Behavior Problems Through 
Functional Communication Training," Journal of Applied Behavior 
Analysis, 18 (1985): 111-126. 

14. See T. F. Stokes and D. M. Baer, "An Implicit Technology of General- 
ization," Journal of Behavior Analysis, 10 (1977): 349-367. 

15. See, for example, R. L. Koegel, M. C. O'Dell, and L. K. Koegel, "A 
Natural Language Teaching Paradigm for Nonverbal Autistic Chil- 
dren," Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17 (1987): 
187-200; R, L. Koegel, L. Schreibman, A. Good, et al., How to Teach 
Pivotal Behaviors to Children with Autism: A Training Manual (Uni- 
versity of California, Santa Barbara, 1989). 

16. B. Hart and T. R. Risley, "In Vivo Language Intervention: Unantici- 
pated General Effects," Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13 
(1980): 407^123; G. G. McGee, P. J. Krantz, and L. E. McClannahan, 
"The Facilitative Effects of Incidental Teaching on Preposition Use by 
Autistic Children," Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18 (1985): 
17-31. 

17. A. P. Kaiser, P. J. Yoder, and A. Keetz, "Evaluating Milieu Training," in 
S. F. Warren and J. Reichle, eds., Causes and Effects in Communication 
and Language Intervention (Baltimore: P. H. Brookes, 1992), pp. 9-47. 

18. C. Peterson, S. F. Maier, and M. E. P. Seligman, Learned Helplessness: 



317 



A Theory for the Age of Personal Control (London: Oxford University 
Press, 1993). 

19. L. Schreibman, W. M. Kaneko, and R. L. Koegel, "Positive Affect 
of Parents of Autistic Children: A Comparison Across Two Teaching 
Techniques," Behavior Therapy, 22 (1991): 479^90. 

20. R. L. Koegel, A. Bimbela, and L. Schreibman, "Collateral Effects of 
Parent Training on Family Interactions," Journal of Autism and Devel- 
opmental Disorders, 26 (1996): 347-359. 

21. See, for example, J. M. Lucyshyn, G. Dunlap, and R. W. Albin, eds., 
Families and Positive Behavior Support: Addressing Problem Behavior 
in Family Contexts (Baltimore: P. H. Brookes, 2002). 

22. R. L. Koegel, L. K. Koegel, and A. Surratt, "Language Intervention 
and Disruptive Behavior in Preschool Children with Autism," Journal 
of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22 (1992): 141-153; R. L. 
Koegel, M. O'Dell, and G. Dunlap, "Producing Speech Use in Nonver- 
bal Autistic Children by Reinforcing Attempts," Journal of Autism and 
Developmental Disorders, 18 (1988): 525-538. 

(7) 

1. S. I. Greenspan and S. Wieder, Tbe Child with Special Needs (Reading, 
Mass.: Perseus Books, 1998), p. 2. 

2. National Research Council, Educating Children with Autism, Com- 
mittee on Educational Interventions for Children with Autism, C. Lord 
and J. P. McGee, eds. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and 
Education (Washington, D. C: National Academy Press, 2001), p. 1 68. 

3. Greenspan and Wieder, The Child with Special Needs. 

4. Ibid. 

5. Ibid. 

6. Letter from a parent, quoted in G. B. Mesibov, "Formal and Informal 
Measures on the Effectiveness of the TEACCH Programme," Autism, 1 
(1997): 32. 

7. National Research Council, Educating Children with Autism, pp. 169- 
170. 

8. G. B. Mesibov and V. Shea, "The Culture of Autism: From Theoreti- 
cal Understanding to Education Practice" (1998), http:ll 
www.rmple.co.uk/eduweb/sites/autism/culture.html. 

9. E. Schopler, G. B. Mesibov, and A. Baker, "Evaluation of Treatment for 



3 



Autistic Children and Their Parents," Journal of the American Acad- 
emy of Child Psychiatry, 21 (1982): 262-267. 

10. S. Ozonoff and K. Cathcart, "Effectiveness of a Home Program Inter- 
vention for Young Children with Autism," Journal of Autism and De- 
velopmental Disorders, 28 (1998): 25-32. 

11. S. M. Edelson and B. Rimland, eds., Treating Autism: Parent Stories 
of Hope and Success (San Diego: Autism Research Institute, 2003), 
p. 60. 

12. S. M. Edelson and B. Rimland, The Efficacy of Auditory Integration 
Training: Summaries and Critiques of 28 Reports (San Diego: Autism 
Research Institute, 2001), p. 15. 

13. National Research Council, Educating Children with Autism, p. 100. 

14. The ASHA Leader, August 2003, p. 3. 

15. A. Stehli, The Sound of a Miracle: A Child's Triumph over Autism 
(New York: Doubleday, 1991). 

16. S. Bettison, "The Long-Term Effects of Auditory Training on Children 
with Autism," Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26 
(1996): 361-374. 

17. S. M. Edelson, "What I Would Do If I Were a Parent of An Autistic 
Child: Recommendations Based on 25 Years of Research Experience," 
in Edelson and Rimland, eds., Treating Autism, p. 76. 

18. B. Siegel, The World ofthe Autistic Child (New York: Oxford Univer- 
sity Press, 1996), p. 331. 

19. J. Ayres, "Improving Academic Scores Through Sensory Integration," 
Journal of Learning Disabilities, 5 (1972): 338-343. 

20. D. Doggett, "A Very Tough Kid," in Edelson and Rimland, eds., Treating 
Autism, pp. 137-151. 

21. G. T. Baranek, "Efficacy of Sensory and Motor Interventions for 
Children with Autism," Journal of Autism and Developmental Disor- 
ders, 5 (2002): 397-422. 

22. Edelson and Rimland, Treating Autism, p. 148. 

23. National Research Council, Educating Children with Autism, p. 130. 

24. J. Coplan, M. C. Souders, A. E. Mulberg, et al., "Children with Autis- 
tic Spectrum Disorders. II: Parents Are Unable to Distinguish Secretin 
from Placebo under Double-Blind Conditions," Archives ofDisease in 
Childhood, 88 (2003): 739. 

25. K. Horvath, G. Stefanatos, K. N. Sokolski, et al., "Improved Social and 
Language Skills after Secretin Administration in Patients with Autistic 



319 



JLiJI) |*la)l i/mi 



Spectrum Disorders," Journal ofthe Association for Academic Minor- 
ity Pbysicians, 9 (1998): 9-15. 

26. D. McLellan, "Andrew Awakes," Ladies' Home Journal, vol. 116 (Oc- 
tober 1999), pp. 162-166. 

27. Coplan, Souders, Mulberg, et al., "Children with Autistic Spectrum 
Disorders: II. 

28. B. Rimland, "Vitamin B6 (and Magnesium) in the Treatment of Au- 
tism," reprinted in Edelson and Rimland, eds., Treating Autism, p. 25. 

29. C. Nye and A. Brice, "Combined Vitamin B6-Magnesium Treatment 
in Autism Spectrum Disorder," abstract, Cochrane Review, vol. 4, 
Cochrane Library (Oxford: Update Software, 2003). 

30. S. Cohen, Targeting Autism: What We Know, Don't Know, and 
Can Do to Help Young Children with Autism and Related Disorders 
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). 

31. Ibid. 

32. B. Rimland, "The History of the Autism Research Institute and the De- 
feat Autism Now! (DAN!) Project," in Edelson and Rimland, eds., 
Treating Autism, p. 22. 

33. T. L. Whitman, The Development of Autism: A Self-regulatory Per- 
spective (London: Jessica Kingsley, 2004), p. 221; New York State 
Department of Health Early Intervention Program, Clinical Practice 
Guideline: The Guideline Technical Report — AutismIPervasive Devel- 
opmental Disorders Assessment and Intervention for Young Children 
(0-3 Years) (Albany: New York State Department of Health Early In- 
tervention Program, 1999). 

34. R. Shattock, "Can Dietary Intervention Be Used Successfully as a Ther- 
apy in Autism?" in Conference Proceedings: Psychological Perspec- 
tives in Autism (Sunderland: University of Sunderland, Autism Re- 
search Unit, 1995), pp. 203-206. 

35. C. Black, J. A. Kaye, and H. Jick, "Relation of Childhood Gastrointes- 
tinal Disorders to Autism: Nested Case-Control Study Using Data from 
the UK General Practice Research Database," British Medical Journal, 
325 (2002): 419-421. 

36. S. Lucarelli, T. Frediani, A. M. Zingoni, et al., "Food Allergy and 
Infantile Autism," Panminerva Medicine, 37 (1995): 137-141; A. 
Knivsberg, K. L. Reichelt, N. Nodland, and T. Hoien, "Autistic 
Syndromes and Diet: A Follow-up Study," Scandinavian Journal ofEd- 
ucational Research, 39 (1995): 223-236. 

37. National Research Council, Educating Children with Autism, p. 128. 



320 



38. F. R. Volkmar, "Pharmacological Interventions in Autism: Theoretical 
and Practical Issues," Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30 (2001): 
80-87; H. W. M. Kwok,, "Psychopharmacology in Autism Spectrum 
Disorders," Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16 (2003): 529-534. 

(8) 

1. B. Siegel, The World of the Autistic Child: Understanding and 
Treating Autistic Spectrum Disorders (New York: Oxford University 
Press, 1996). 

2. A. M. Donnellan, Introduction, in P. Haskew and A. M. Donnellan, 
Emotional Maturity and Well-Being: Psychological Lessons of Facili- 
tated Communication (Madison, Wisc: DRI Press, 1993), p. v. 

3. J. Randi, "Secrets of the Psychics." Nova, Public Broadcasting System, 
WGBH-TV, Boston, 1993. 

4. D. Biklen, Communication Unbound: How Facilitated Communica- 
tion Is Challenging Traditional Views of Autism and Ability/Disability 
(New York: Teachers College Press, 1993), p. 17. 

5. G. Green and H. Shane, "Science, Reason, and Facilitated Communi- 
cation," Journal ofthe Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 
19(1994): 164. 

6. D. Biklen, "Facts about Facilitated Communication," Syracuse Univer- 
sity Web site, 2004. 

7. 60 Minutes, CBS News, February 20, 1994. 

8. Prime Time Live, ABC News, January 23, 1992. 

9. For some early examples of these studies, see S. Bligh and P. 
Kupperman, "Evaluation Procedure for Determining the Source of the 
Communication in Facilitated Communication Accepted in a Court 
Case," Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23 (1993): 
553-557; A. Hudson, B. Melita, and N. Arnold, "Assessing the Valid- 
ity of Facilitated Communication: A Case Study," Journal of Autism 
and Developmental Disorders, 23 (1993): 165-173; H. C. Shane and 
K. Kearns, "An Examination of the Role of the Facilitator in Facili- 
tated Communication," American Journal of Speech and Language Pa- 
thology, 50 (1994): 750-765. 

10. See, for example, M. P. Mostert, "Facilitated Communication Since 
1995: A Review," Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31 
(2001): 287-313. 

11. Haskew and Donnellan, Emotional Maturity and Well-Being, p. 13. 



JLiJI) |*la)l i/mi 



12. Ibid.,p. 14. 

13. H. C. Shane, "Letters to the Editor: The Dark Side of Facilitated Com- 
munication," Topics in Language Disorders, 13 (1993): ix-xv. 

14. R. Pollak, The Creation of Dr. B.: A Biography of Bruno Bettelheim 
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), p. 180. 

15. National Institute of Mental Health, Research Task Force, Research in 
the Service of Mental Health (Rockville, Md., 1975), p. 207. 

16. T. Smith, "Are Other Treatments Effective?" in C. Maurice, G. Green, 
and S. Luce, eds., Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Au- 
tism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals (Austin: Pro-Ed, 1996), 
p. 52. 

17. B. Bettelheim, The Empty Fortress (New York: Free Press, 1967). 

18. National Institute of Mental Health, Research in the Service of Mental 
Health (1975). 

19. M. G. Welch, Holding Time (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988). 

20. B. N. Kaufman, Son-Rise (New York: Harper and Row, 1976). 

21. "Options" Web site, www.son-rise.org. 

22. Ibid. 

23. Siegel, The World of the Autistic Child. 

24. Ibid. 

(9) 

1. 0. 1. Lovaas, "Behavioral Treatment and Normal Educational and In- 
tellectual Functioning in Young Autistic Children," Journal of Con- 
sulting and Clinical Psychology, 55 (1987): 3-9. 

2. J. J. McEachin, T. Smith, and O. I. Lovaas, "Long-Term Outcome 
for Children with Autism Who Received Early Intensive Behavioral 
Treatment," American Journal on Mental Retardation, 97 (1993): 
359-372. 

3. For critiques, see F. M. Grisham and D. L. MacMillan, "Early Interven- 
tion Project: Can Its Claims Be Substantiated and Its Effects Repli- 
cated?" Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28 (1998): 
5-13, and E. Schbpler, A. Short, and G. Mesibov, "Relation of Behav- 
ioral Treatment to 'Normal Functioning': Comment on Lovaas," Jour- 
nal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57 (1989): 162-164. 

4. Schopler, Short, and Mesibov, "Relation of Behavioral Treatment to 
'Normal Functioning.'" 



322 



5. F. M. Gresham and D. L. MacMillan, "Denial and Defensiveness in the 
Place of Fact and Reason: Rejoinder to Smith and Lovaas," Bebavioral 
Disorders, 22 (1997): 219-230. 

6. S. J. Rogers, "Empirically Supported Comprehensive Treatments for 
Young Children with Autism," Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 
Special Issue: Empirically Supported Psychosocial Interventions for 
Children, 11 (1998): 168-179. 

7. 0. 1. Lovaas, "The Development of a Treatment-Research Project for 
Developmentally Disabled and Autistic Children," Journal of Applied 
Behavior Analysis, 26 (1993): 617-630; T. Smith and O. I. Lovaas, 
"The UCLA Young Autism Project: A Reply to Gresham and 
MacMillan," Bebavioral Disorders, 22 (1997): 202-218; McEachin, 
Smith, and Lovaas, "Long-Term Outcome for Children with Autism." 

8. C. Maurice, Let Me Hear Your Voice; A Family's Triumph over Autism 
(New York: Ballentine, 1993). 

9. Autism Society of America, Web site: http://www.autism-society.org 
(2003). 

10. S. J. Sheinkopf and B. Siegel, "Home Based Behavioral Treatment of 
Young Children with Autism," Journal of Autism and Developmental 
Disorders, 28 (1998): 15-23. 

11. G. G. McGee, M. J. Morrier, and T. Daly, "An Incidental Teaching Ap- 
proach to Early Intervention for Toddlers with Autism," Journal ofthe 
Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 24 (1999): 133-146. 

12. See, for example, McGee, Morrier, and Daly, "An Incidental Teaching 
Approach." 

13. D. J. Delprato, "Comparisons of Discrete-Trial and Normalized Behav- 
ioral Intervention for Young Children with Autism," Journal of Autism 
and Developmental Disorders, 31 (2001): 315-325. 

14. A. W. Grossman, J. D. Churchill, B. C. McKinney, et al., "Experi- 
ence Effects on Brain Development: Possible Contributions to 
Psychopathology," Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and 
Allied Disciplines, 44 (2003): 33-63. 

15. M. R. Sherer and L. Schreibman, "Individual Behavioral Profiles and 
Predictors of Treatment Effectiveness for Children with Autism," Jour- 
nal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75 (2005) , 

16. L. Schreibman, A. C. Stahmer, and V. Cestone, "Turning Treatment 
Nonresponders into Treatment Responders: Development of Individu- 
alized Treatment Protocols for Children with Autism," paper delivered 



323 



JLiJI) |*la)l i/mi 



at the International Meeting for Autism Research, San Diego, Novem- 
ber 2001. 

17. M. T. Sullivan, "Communicative Functions of Echolalia in Children 
with Autism: Assessment and Treatment," Dissertation Abstracts In- 
ternational. Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 63 (2003): 4948. 

18. B. M. Prizant and P. J, Rydell, "Analysis of Functions of Delayed 
Echolalia in Autistic Children," Journal of Speech and Hearing Re- 
search, 27 (1984); 183-192. 

19. C. T. Sundberg and M. L. Sundberg, "Comparing Topography-Based 
Verbal Behavior with Stimulus Selection-Based Verbal Behavior," Anal- 
ysis of Verbal Behavior, 8 (1990): 31-41, 

20. A. E. Anderson, "Augmentative Communication and Autism: A Com- 
parison of Sign Language and the Picture Exchange Communication 
System," Dissertation Abstracts International. Section B: The Sciences 
and Engineering, 62 (2002): 4269. 

21. A. Bondy and L. Frost, "The Picture Exchange Communication Sys- 
tem," Behavior Modification. Special Issue: Autism, Part 1, 25 (2001): 
725-744. 

22. See, for example, C. Kiernan, "The Use of Nonvocal Communication 
Techniques with Autistic Individuals," Journal of Child Psychology 
and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 24 (1983): 339-375; A. S. 
Bondy and L. A. Frost, "The Picture Exchange Communication Sys- 
tem," Focus on Autistic Behavior, 9 (1994): 1-19. 

23. Anderson, "Augmentative Communication and Autism." 

(10) 

1. For reviews and discussion of this point, see J. A. Burack, R. Root, and 
E. Zigler, "Inclusive Education for Students with Autism: Reviewing 
Ideological, Empirical, and Community Considerations," in D. J. Co- 
hen and F. R. Volkmar, eds., Handbook of Autism and Pervasive De- 
velopmental Disorders, Second Edition (New York: John Wiley and 
Sons, 1997), pp. 796-807; and B. Siegel, The World of the Autistic 
Child (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). 

2. See, for example, S. Stainback and W. Stainback, "Schools as Inclu- 
sive Communities," in S. Stainback and W. Stainback, eds., Controver- 
sial Issues Confronting Special Education (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 
1992), pp. 29-43. 



324 



3. M. J. Guralnick and J. M. Groom, "Effects of Social Setting on the 
Friendship Formation of Young Children Differing in Developmen- 
tal Status," Journal of Applied Developmental Psycbology, 17 (1988): 
625-651. 

4. G. G. McGee, T. Paradis, and R. S. Feldman, "Free Effects of Integra- 
tion on Levels of Autistic Behavior," Topics in Early Childbood Special 
Education, 13 (1993): 57-67. 

5. N. J. Oke and L. Schteibman, "Training Social Initiations to a High- 
Functioning Autistic Child: Assessment of Collateral Change and Gen- 
eralization in a Case Study," Journal of Autism and Developmental 
Disorders, 20 (1990): 479-497. 

6. See P. S. Strain and M. Hoyson, "On the Need for Longitudinal, Inten- 
sive Social Skill Intervention: LEAP Follow-Up Outcomes fot Children 
with Autism as a Case-in-Point," Topics in Early Childbood Special 
Education, 20 (2000): 116-122; P. S. Strain, G. G. McGee, and F. W. 
Kohler, "Inclusion of Children with Autism in Early Intervention Set- 
tings: An Examination of Rationale, Myths, and Procedures," in M. J. 
Guralnick, ed., Early Childbood Inclusion: Focus on Change (Balti- 
more: Brookes, 2001), pp. 337-364. 

7. A. C. Stahmer and B. Ingersoll, "Inclusive Programming for Toddlers 
with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Outcomes from the Children's 
Toddler School," Journal ofPositive Behavior Interventions, 6 (2004): 
67-82. 

8. Strain, McGee, and Kohler, "Inclusion of Children with Autism in 
Early Intervention Settings." 




325 



JLiJI) |*la)l i/mi 



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ISBN 978 -99906-0- 313-2 
(2010/197)^1^1^
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